Indiana law on mr contrast administration

#Indiana law on mr contrast administration free

found that contrast enhanced MRV had a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to non-contrast MRV with gradient-recalled-echo sequence (91.0% and 99.8% for contrast-enhanced vs. In a study with 30 patients evaluated for lower extremity or abdominopelvic deep vein thrombosis with MRV, Huang et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the abdomen was first introduced in 1995 ( 7), and has the advantages of faster acquisition times, independence from inflow effects, and decreased image artifacts. Although an exhaustive overview is beyond the scope of this discussion, each technique suffers some limitations regarding length of acquisition times, background suppression, inflow effects, motion, and image artifacts.

#Indiana law on mr contrast administration free

Non-contrast techniques include time-of-flight (TOF), gradient recalled echo (GRE), spoiled gradient recalled (SPGR) and steady state free precession (SSFP) sequences. MR venography (MRV) can be performed with or without gadolinium based contrast. These challenges can be overcome by the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Adequate window width and length settings on CT can help to arrive at conclusion of presence of DVT and avoid repeat examination. Note that the image acquisition is performed in late arterial phase. Note associated superficial soft tissue edema.

Axial post contrast images demonstrating extensive deep vein thrombosis involving the inferior vena cava (A), both common iliac veins (B), proximal right superficial femoral vein (C) and distal right superficial femoral vein (D). The greatest challenge of CT venography, however, is ensuring sufficient and homogenous opacification of the all lower extremity veins ( 6), as absence of adequate opacification leads to a non-diagnostic study.Д¬T Venography in a 70-year-old man. A key disadvantage of CT is the need for ionizing radiation, especially in young or pregnant patients. Ultrasound is also technically unable to evaluate the abdominopelvic deep venous system or the pulmonary arterial system ( 4), limiting its use in the workup of patients with venous thromboembolism at other sites.Д¬omputed tomography is another available imaging tool for venous imaging, with advantages including widespread accessibility, noninvasiveness, rapid acquisition, accuracy, high spatial and temporal resolution and the option of reconstruction and post-processing on multiple planes ( 5) ( Figure 1). However, key limitations of US exist, and include decreased sensitivity due to body habitus or edema, individual operator dependence ( 2), and difficulty in evaluation of calf veins and recurrent or chronic DVT ( 3). Instead, ultrasound (US) has now become the modality of choice in clinical practice for the evaluation of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), with advantages in cost effectiveness, noninvasiveness, and portability in critically ill patients ( 1). Historically, one of the earliest imaging modalities used in venous imaging was ascending contrast venography, which is rarely used today due its invasiveness and risk of complications. Despite technical imaging advances in the evaluation of the venous system, many challenges remain in the clinical application of these imaging techniques.